• CIC nanoGUNE (99,5%)
• University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU (0,5%)

Model reactor for quantitative monitoring of nanoscale samples in liquid environment via transmission electron microscopy.

• A new concept of liquid cells in which mass transport is controlled to enable the monitoring of nanoscale dynamics via transmission electron microscopy, capable of replicating relevant experimental parameters from ex situ experiments.
• Micrometer-sized channels guide the fluid flow into the liquid cell but around the central nanochannel, where imaging is performed and in which diffusion is imposed as the dominant mass transport mechanism due to the higher flow resistance.
• Utilizing MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) technology, the liquid cell can be customized in various configurations to tune its hydrodynamic properties. The micrometer-sized channels can either surround the electron-beam transparent membrane or be directly formed by its structure through corrugation.

• Extremely fast (~ s) solution exchange comparable to benchtop scenarios; renewal for electrochemical application and replacement for mixing experiments
• Very low (~ mbar/(mL/h)) overall flow resistance; reduces risk of window rupture and bulging or allows for higher volumetric flow rates
• Very slow (~ µm/s) local flow velocity; reduces risk to flush sample away
• Modular assembly; circumvents restrictions due to the sample deposition and ensures compatibility with existing sample holders